Castleman disease, a rare lymphoproliferative disorder, manifests as enlarged lymph nodes on radiology scans. Hypercytokinemia and metabolic activity are other key imaging findings. PET/CT scans reveal high glucose uptake, while MRIs show contrast enhancement and diffusion restriction. Radiology aids diagnosis, subtype differentiation, and disease monitoring, guiding management and potentially improving patient outcomes.
Castleman Disease: An Unraveling Mystery
Castleman disease, a rare and enigmatic ailment, has long bewildered the medical community. This perplexing condition strikes with a vengeance, its insidious nature leaving doctors and patients alike grappling for answers. Yet, advancements in medical imaging are shedding light on the labyrinthine world of Castleman disease, guiding clinicians towards a path of diagnosis and treatment.
Causes and Impact: Unlocking the Puzzle
The root cause of Castleman disease remains shrouded in mystery. However, several theories suggest viral infections, autoimmune disorders, and genetic mutations as possible culprits behind this enigmatic illness. One of the most prevalent theories implicates the human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), a virus associated with certain types of cancer. Regardless of its elusive origins, Castleman disease wreaks havoc on the body, relentlessly attacking the lymphatic system, the body’s defense network. Swollen lymph nodes, a hallmark of the disease, obstruct the flow of immune cells, leaving the body vulnerable to infections and other complications.
Enlarged Lymph Nodes: A Beacon of Disease
Enlarged lymph nodes, known medically as lymphadenopathy, stand as telltale signs of Castleman disease. Imaging techniques, such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), unveil these swollen nodes, revealing their location and size. The chest and abdomen often bear the brunt of the disease, housing these enlarged nodes within their depths. Understanding the patterns and locations of lymphadenopathy in Castleman disease is crucial for accurate diagnosis and staging.
Venturing Inside: The Spleen and Liver Under Siege
Castleman disease’s relentless assault extends beyond lymph nodes, reaching into the depths of the spleen and liver. These vital organs, responsible for blood filtration and detoxification, bear the consequences of this enigmatic disease. Hepatosplenomegaly, the simultaneous enlargement of the spleen and liver, emerges as a prominent feature in Castleman disease. Imaging techniques, once again, serve as valuable tools, providing insights into the extent of organ involvement and its impact on the body’s functionality.
Explanation of Lymphadenopathy and Its Significance in Castleman Disease
Lymphadenopathy refers to the enlargement of lymph nodes, which are small immune system structures located throughout the body. In Castleman disease, a rare disorder that primarily affects the lymph nodes, lymphadenopathy is a hallmark feature.
When the body encounters an infection or other threat, lymph nodes enlarge as part of the immune response. They trap and filter out harmful substances, helping the body fight off illness. However, in Castleman disease, this enlargement becomes persistent and excessive.
The lymph nodes in Castleman disease often grow large and conglomerate, forming a mass that can be felt under the skin. This mass is typically located in the chest or abdomen. It can compress surrounding organs, causing symptoms such as:
- Chest pain
- Shortness of breath
- Abdominal pain
- Nausea and vomiting
Lymphadenopathy in Castleman disease is not only a sign of the disorder, but also plays a critical role in the __disease process __ itself by:
– **Promoting inflammation**: Enlarged lymph nodes release cytokines, small proteins that trigger inflammation. This inflammation can damage healthy tissues and contribute to disease progression.
– **Altering the immune system**: The abnormal growth and function of lymph nodes disrupt the body’s normal immune response, leading to an **overactive immune system ** and increased susceptibility to infections.
Types and Locations of Enlarged Lymph Nodes Commonly Seen in the Chest and Abdomen
Enlarged lymph nodes, also known as lymphadenopathy, are a hallmark of Castleman disease. These swollen nodes appear as distinct shadows on imaging scans, providing crucial clues to the extent and severity of the disease.
In Castleman disease, enlarged lymph nodes are primarily found in two key areas: the chest and abdomen.
Chest:
Within the chest, enlarged lymph nodes are commonly seen in the:
- Mediastinum: This central area between the lungs often houses affected nodes, which can compress surrounding structures like the trachea and esophagus.
- Hilar and paratracheal regions: These areas near the lungs and trachea may also exhibit enlarged lymph nodes.
Abdomen:
In the abdomen, enlarged lymph nodes can appear in multiple locations, including:
- Retroperitoneal space: Behind the abdominal organs, this area may contain swollen nodes that can obstruct blood vessels and nerves.
- Mesenteric region: This area within the abdominal cavity may exhibit enlargement of mesenteric lymph nodes, affecting digestion.
- Pelvic region: Nodes in this area near the reproductive organs may become enlarged, potentially causing pelvic pain or discomfort.
The specific location and size of enlarged lymph nodes can vary depending on the subtype of Castleman disease and the stage of the disease. These findings play a pivotal role in accurate diagnosis, assessment of disease severity, and guiding treatment decisions.
**Hepatosplenomegaly: A Tale of Two Enlarged Organs**
In the bustling metropolis of Castleman disease, two prominent organs, the spleen and the liver, find themselves entangled in a tale of hepatosplenomegaly. This condition is a hallmark of the disease, leaving a trail of implications that paint a complex medical tapestry.
The spleen, a faithful sentinel of the body’s immune defense, bears the brunt of Castleman’s wrath. As the disease runs its course, the spleen embarks on an unwelcome growth spurt, swelling its size beyond its normal confines. This enlargement, known as splenomegaly, is not merely a cosmetic concern. It heralds an underlying dysfunction, disrupting the spleen’s ability to filter the blood and trap foreign invaders.
Adjacent to the spleen, the liver, the body’s chemical wizard, also succumbs to the disease’s grip. It undergoes a similar growth transformation, a phenomenon called hepatomegaly. This colossal expansion impairs the liver’s vital functions, such as filtering toxins, producing proteins, and synthesizing bile. The ripple effects of hepatomegaly can be far-reaching, impacting digestion, metabolism, and overall well-being.
The implications of hepatosplenomegaly in Castleman disease are as diverse as the roles these organs play. The swollen spleen may struggle to remove damaged cells from the bloodstream, leading to anemia and a weakened immune system. The enlarged liver, burdened by its increased size, may fail to detoxify the body effectively, causing jaundice and other health concerns.
Understanding the implications of hepatosplenomegaly is crucial for medical practitioners in accurately diagnosing and managing Castleman disease. Imaging techniques, such as CT scans and MRIs, provide invaluable insights into the extent of organ enlargement and its impact on surrounding structures. This information guides treatment decisions and helps monitor disease progression over time.
In the ongoing battle against Castleman disease, hepatosplenomegaly serves as a prominent battleground. By unraveling its implications, medical professionals gain a potent weapon in their arsenal, enabling them to deliver more effective and compassionate care to those affected by this multifaceted disease.
**Interpretation of Imaging for Enlarged Spleen and Liver**
Imagine a magnifying glass, allowing us to peer into the depths of the human body and witness the intricate dance of organs. In the context of Castleman disease, two vital organs take center stage: the spleen and liver. Armed with advanced imaging techniques, radiologists can unravel the secrets hidden within these enlarged structures.
As the spleen and liver swell, they paint a telltale picture on imaging studies. Hepatosplenomegaly, the simultaneous enlargement of both organs, is a characteristic finding in Castleman disease. This enlargement can lead to compression of adjacent organs, such as the stomach or colon, causing a cascade of digestive issues.
Ultrasound, with its real-time capabilities, provides a dynamic glimpse into the spleen and liver’s contours and internal architecture. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offer even greater detail, revealing the extent of enlargement and any associated abnormalities.
By meticulously analyzing these images, radiologists can assess the parenchymal texture of the enlarged spleen and liver. Increased echogenicity on ultrasound or higher signal intensity on MRI may indicate fibrosis or inflammation. Additionally, the presence of lesions or calcifications can hold clues to underlying conditions.
The interpretation of imaging in Castleman disease is a delicate art, requiring a keen eye and an understanding of the complex interplay between the radiological manifestations and the disease’s clinical presentation. By piecing together the puzzle of imaging findings, radiologists contribute to the accurate diagnosis and optimal management of Castleman disease.
Elevated Interleukin-6 Levels: A Key Role in Castleman Disease
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a crucial signaling molecule that plays a significant role in the development and progression of Castleman disease. This inflammatory cytokine is produced by immune cells and has various cellular functions.
In Castleman disease, elevated IL-6 levels are a hallmark characteristic. The overproduction of IL-6 creates an inflammatory storm within the body, leading to the disease’s distinctive symptoms. IL-6 acts as a growth factor for Castleman cells, promoting their proliferation and survival. It also stimulates the production of other inflammatory cytokines, further amplifying the immune response.
Elevated IL-6 levels have a profound impact on the body, contributing to:
- Fever
- Fatigue
- Splenomegaly (enlarged spleen)
- Lymphadenopathy (enlarged lymph nodes)
- Anemia
- Elevated inflammation markers (e.g., C-reactive protein)
These symptoms can be severe and significantly affect patients’ quality of life. Understanding the role of IL-6 in Castleman disease is essential for developing targeted therapies aimed at controlling inflammation and improving patient outcomes.
Hypercytokinemia and cytokine storm, and their clinical implications.
Hypercytokinemia and Cytokine Storm: The Immune System’s Overwhelming Response
Castleman disease, a rare lymphoproliferative disorder, is often characterized by an overactive immune system that releases a torrent of inflammatory molecules known as cytokines. This excessive production leads to a condition called hypercytokinemia, which can trigger a life-threatening cytokine storm.
Imagine your body’s immune system as a well-orchestrated symphony. Cytokines act as messengers, coordinating the immune response. However, in Castleman disease, this symphony turns into a deafening cacophony. The hypercytokinemia unleashes a cascade of inflammatory signals, leading to a cytokine storm.
This out-of-control immune response can cause a myriad of clinical implications. Cytokine storm can trigger:
- Multi-organ failure: The excessive inflammation can damage vital organs, including the heart, lungs, kidneys, and liver.
- Fever, chills, and muscle aches: These are common symptoms of cytokine storm, as the inflammatory response elevates the body’s temperature.
- Capillary leak syndrome: The inflammation can damage the small blood vessels, causing fluid to leak into the surrounding tissues and leading to swelling and hypotension.
- Neurological symptoms: The cytokines can cross the blood-brain barrier, potentially causing seizures, confusion, and hallucinations.
In severe cases, cytokine storm can be fatal. Therefore, early recognition and management are crucial. Imaging modalities, such as PET/CT scans, can help monitor hypercytokinemia and cytokine storm by assessing the extent of lymph node enlargement and inflammation. Prompt and effective treatment, including anti-inflammatory medications and immunosuppressive therapy, is vital to control the overactive immune response and mitigate the potentially devastating effects of cytokine storm in Castleman disease.
Metabolic Activity: Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) Uptake
In the realm of Castleman disease diagnostics, the Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) scan emerges as an invaluable tool. This advanced imaging technique utilizes fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), a radioactive sugar tracer, to assess glucose uptake within enlarged lymph nodes. As a highly metabolically active entity, Castleman disease often exhibits increased FDG uptake, providing valuable insights into tumor growth and disease severity.
PET/CT scans enable physicians to visualize and quantify FDG uptake in enlarged lymph nodes. The level of FDG uptake correlates with the tumor’s metabolic activity, indicating its proliferative and aggressive nature. Higher FDG uptake is associated with more advanced disease stages and poorer prognosis.
By providing a comprehensive metabolic assessment, PET/CT scans aid in distinguishing Castleman disease from other lymphomatous diseases, contributing to accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment planning. This non-invasive technique also facilitates monitoring disease progression and response to therapy, allowing physicians to tailor treatment strategies effectively.
With continuous advancements in imaging technology, PET/CT scans are becoming increasingly sophisticated, promising even more precise and detailed assessments of Castleman disease in the future. This will further enhance diagnostic capabilities and improve patient outcomes through optimized management and personalized treatment approaches.
Metabolic Activity: Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) Uptake
Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scans play a crucial role in assessing Castleman disease. They utilize a radioactive tracer known as fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), which is absorbed by metabolically active cells, including cancer cells. In Castleman disease, FDG uptake is increased in enlarged lymph nodes, providing valuable insights into tumor growth and disease severity.
The intensity of FDG uptake correlates with the tumor’s metabolic activity. Higher FDG uptake indicates a more aggressive tumor with greater cellular proliferation and energy consumption. This information helps radiologists and oncologists gauge the disease’s severity and guide treatment decisions.
PET/CT scans are particularly useful for evaluating treatment response. After therapy, a decrease in FDG uptake suggests a positive response and disease regression, while persistent or increased uptake may indicate ongoing disease activity or resistance to treatment. This monitoring helps clinicians adjust treatment strategies and improve patient outcomes.
Furthermore, FDG uptake can aid in differentiating Castleman disease from other conditions with similar clinical presentations. Its characteristic uptake patterns can help distinguish it from lymphoma and other malignant neoplasms.
MRI Findings: Contrast Enhancement and Diffusion Restriction
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can provide valuable insights into the characteristics of Castleman disease. One important aspect is gadolinium enhancement, a technique that involves injecting a contrast agent into the body to enhance the visibility of specific tissues and structures on MRI scans.
Contrast enhancement is particularly useful in visualizing lymph nodes. When lymph nodes are affected by Castleman disease, gadolinium can help radiologists differentiate between benign and malignant nodes. In Castleman disease, enlarged lymph nodes often demonstrate intense and homogeneous enhancement, which can aid in their detection and characterization.
Diffusion Restriction: A Clue to Cellular Density and Fibrosis
Another important MRI finding in Castleman disease is diffusion restriction. Diffusion refers to the movement of water molecules within tissues. In normal tissues, water molecules can move freely, but in areas of increased cellular density or fibrosis, water movement is restricted.
In Castleman disease, affected lymph nodes may exhibit restricted diffusion, which can be detected on MRI. This finding suggests increased cellularity and fibrosis, which are characteristic features of the disease. By assessing the degree of diffusion restriction, radiologists can gain insights into the aggressiveness and extent of Castleman disease.
Restricted Diffusion on MRI: A Window into Cellular Density and Fibrosis in Castleman Disease
MRI’s Unique Ability to Reveal Hidden Structures
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses powerful magnets and radio waves to create detailed images of the body’s internal structures. Unlike other imaging modalities, such as CT scans, MRI excels in revealing the intricate architecture of soft tissues like lymph nodes, which are often affected in Castleman disease.
Diffusion Restriction: A Telltale Sign of Cellular Density
One of the valuable insights MRI provides in Castleman disease is restricted diffusion. This phenomenon refers to the limited movement of water molecules within enlarged lymph nodes. The extent of diffusion restriction is closely linked to the cellularity of the nodes. In Castleman disease, the dense accumulation of lymphocytes, macrophages, and other immune cells hinders the free movement of water molecules, resulting in restricted diffusion.
Probing Fibrosis and Disease Progression
Beyond cellular density, restricted diffusion also offers a glimpse into fibrosis, a process that involves the abnormal formation of fibrous scar tissue. In advanced stages of Castleman disease, lymph nodes may exhibit extensive fibrosis, which can further limit water diffusion. By assessing the degree of diffusion restriction, radiologists can gain insights into the disease’s progression and the presence of fibrotic changes.
Implications for Diagnosis and Management
The information derived from MRI’s restricted diffusion analysis has significant implications for the diagnosis and management of Castleman disease. By detecting subtle changes in lymph node cellularity and fibrosis, MRI can:
- Differentiate between benign and malignant lymph node enlargement
- Assist in determining the subtype of Castleman disease
- Monitor disease progression and response to therapy
- Identify potential complications, such as cytokine storm and thrombosis
Castleman Disease: A Comprehensive Radiology Guide
HHV-8-Associated Castleman Disease and Its Characteristic Imaging Features
Of the different Castleman disease subtypes, HHV-8-associated Castleman disease stands out with its unique imaging presentation. This subtype is strongly linked to the human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), and its imaging features reflect the virus’s impact on the body.
One of the most distinctive findings in HHV-8-associated Castleman disease is marked lymphadenopathy. Enlarged lymph nodes are commonly seen in the chest and abdomen, with the mediastinum (the area between the lungs), retroperitoneum (the space behind the abdominal organs), and mesentery (the tissue connecting the intestines to the abdominal wall) being the most frequently affected areas. These lymph nodes are often uniformly enlarged, giving them a characteristic “clustered pearls”appearance on imaging studies.
In addition to lymphadenopathy, HHV-8-associated Castleman disease may also affect the spleen and liver. _Splenomegaly_ (enlarged spleen) is a common finding, while _hepatomegaly_ (enlarged liver) is less frequent. On imaging, the spleen may appear enlarged and nodular, while the liver may have a diffusely enlarged or fatty appearance.
The presence of HHV-8 in the disease process also contributes to the increased metabolic activity of the affected lymph nodes. This can be detected on PET/CT scans as _increased fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake_ in the enlarged lymph nodes. The intensity of FDG uptake correlates with disease severity and may help in monitoring the response to therapy.
Idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease and its differential diagnosis.
Idiopathic Multicentric Castleman Disease and Differential Diagnosis
Castleman disease, a rare and complex disorder, presents with a plethora of imaging findings. Idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease (IMCD), in particular, poses diagnostic challenges due to its multifaceted nature.
IMCD is characterized by a widespread enlargement of lymph nodes, often mimicking other conditions. Distinguishing it from other diseases requires a thorough understanding of its imaging patterns. Radiologists play a pivotal role in this process, carefully analyzing the size, location, and characteristics of enlarged lymph nodes.
Several other lymph node-related conditions may share similar imaging features with IMCD, including:
- Lymphoma: Malignant lymphomas can also cause lymphadenopathy. However, the distribution of enlarged lymph nodes, as well as their appearance on MRI, can often help differentiate between lymphoma and IMCD.
- Infectious mononucleosis: This viral infection is known to cause swollen lymph nodes. The context of the patient’s illness and the presence of other symptoms can help distinguish it from IMCD.
- Metastatic cancer: Spread of cancer to the lymph nodes can also result in lymphadenopathy. A thorough clinical history and additional imaging studies can provide clues to the underlying malignancy.
Accurate diagnosis of IMCD hinges on a combination of clinical presentation, blood tests, and imaging findings. By carefully evaluating the imaging patterns, radiologists can narrow down the differential diagnosis and guide appropriate management strategies.
Role of radiology in diagnosing Castleman disease accurately.
Castleman Disease: Unveiling the Role of Radiology
Castleman disease, a rare and puzzling condition characterized by swollen lymph nodes, can be a diagnostic challenge. Enter the world of radiology, a crucial tool that unravels the mysteries of this enigmatic disease.
Role of Radiology in Diagnosis
When confronted with swollen lymph nodes, radiologists step in as detectives, meticulously examining medical images to uncover the secrets that lie within. They search for distinctive patterns and telltale clues that differentiate Castleman disease from other conditions.
Through advanced imaging techniques, radiologists illuminate the lymphatic system, revealing enlarged lymph nodes that may harbor the disease. These swollen nodes often cluster in specific areas of the body, such as the chest and abdomen.
Beyond lymphadenopathy, radiologists also scrutinize the spleen and liver, organs that can become involved in Castleman disease. Enlargement of these vital organs, known as hepatosplenomegaly, can provide valuable diagnostic insights.
Unraveling the Complexities
The diagnostic power of radiology extends beyond detecting swollen nodes. Radiologists also measure the metabolic activity of these nodes using PET/CT scans, which reveal increased glucose uptake indicative of active disease.
MRI scans further aid in the diagnostic process, providing detailed images of lymph nodes. Contrast enhancement highlights the nodes, while diffusion-weighted imaging assesses their cellular density and fibrosis.
The unique imaging characteristics of Castleman disease subtypes also contribute to accurate diagnosis. For instance, HHV-8-associated Castleman disease often exhibits distinctive features that distinguish it from idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease.
Beyond Diagnosis: Monitoring and Management
The role of radiology doesn’t end with diagnosis. Regular imaging follow-ups monitor disease progression and guide treatment decisions. Radiologists assess the size and response of enlarged lymph nodes to therapy, helping to ensure optimal patient outcomes.
Advanced imaging techniques continue to emerge, promising even more precise and comprehensive assessment of Castleman disease. These advancements empower radiologists with unprecedented diagnostic and monitoring capabilities, ensuring the best possible care for patients with this complex condition.
Monitoring Disease Progression and Response to Therapy: Radiology’s Crucial Role
Castleman disease, characterized by enlarged lymph nodes, can have a profound impact on the body. Radiology plays a pivotal role in monitoring disease progression and guiding therapeutic interventions. By tracking the changes in lymph node size, location, and characteristics over time, radiologists can provide valuable insights into the disease’s trajectory and response to treatment.
Imaging techniques like computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allow physicians to visualize enlarged lymph nodes with precision. By comparing serial scans, they can assess the growth patterns or shrinkage of these nodes, which reflects the effectiveness of the therapy. Furthermore, advanced imaging techniques like positron emission tomography (PET) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) provide additional insights.
PET/CT utilizes a radioactive glucose tracer to measure metabolic activity in lymph nodes. Increased fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake, seen as bright areas on the scan, indicates higher metabolic activity and often correlates with tumor growth and disease severity. Conversely, a decrease in FDG uptake suggests a response to treatment and reduced disease activity.
MRI with DWI can differentiate between different types of tissue within lymph nodes. Restricted diffusion, seen as darker areas on the MRI, indicates cellular density and fibrosis. Monitoring changes in diffusion patterns can help assess disease progression and response to treatment.
By combining these imaging modalities, radiologists can comprehensively evaluate Castleman disease progression and response to therapy. This information empowers physicians to adjust treatment plans, optimize outcomes, and provide timely interventions, ultimately improving patient care.
Castleman Disease: Amplified Assessment with Advanced Imaging Techniques
Unveiling the Secrets of Castleman Disease
Castleman disease, a rare lymphoproliferative disorder, has long perplexed the medical world. However, advancements in radiology have shed light on this enigmatic condition, providing unparalleled insights into its diagnosis, management, and potential future treatments.
Beyond the Initial Glimpse: Refining Lymphadenopathy Detection
Traditional imaging techniques, such as ultrasound and CT scans, have enabled the visualization of enlarged lymph nodes, a hallmark of Castleman disease. However, newer methods, like diffusion-weighted MRI and PET/CT, offer more granular detail, enhancing the detection and characterization of these telltale signs.
Unraveling Organ Involvement: Spleen and Liver in Focus
Enlarged spleen and liver, or hepatosplenomegaly, can manifest in Castleman disease. Advanced imaging techniques, such as contrast-enhanced CT and gadolinium-enhanced MRI, provide a clearer picture of these organ alterations, aiding in assessing disease severity and guiding therapeutic decisions.
Illuminating Inflammatory Markers: The Cytokine Storm Unmasked
Castleman disease is often characterized by an overproduction of interleukin-6 (IL-6), resulting in a cytokine storm. Advanced imaging, such as diffusion-weighted MRI, can detect restricted diffusion, an indicator of increased cellular density and fibrosis, which can be associated with high levels of IL-6 and disease activity.
FDG-PET/CT: Unveiling Metabolic Activity
Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT scans reveal the metabolic activity of enlarged lymph nodes. Increased FDG uptake correlates with tumor growth and disease severity, providing valuable information for monitoring disease progression and assessing response to therapy.
MRI’s Multifaceted Role: Beyond Contrast Enhancement
Diffusion-weighted MRI probes tissue organization and architecture, assisting in the differentiation of Castleman disease from other lymphoproliferative disorders. Advanced MRI perfusion techniques can also unveil blood flow patterns, offering insights into tumor biology and targeted therapies.
Subtyping and Correlation: Pinpointing Disease Characteristics
Radiological features can provide clues to different subtypes of Castleman disease. For instance, HHV-8-associated Castleman disease often exhibits distinctive imaging patterns, aiding in accurate diagnosis and guiding specific treatment strategies.
Future Horizons: Emerging Frontiers in Imaging
The future holds promising advancements in imaging techniques for Castleman disease. Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms can enhance diagnostic accuracy and automate disease characterization. Multiparametric imaging, combining multiple imaging modalities, offers a comprehensive view of the disease, promising unparalleled insights for personalized treatment.
Advanced imaging techniques are transforming the landscape of Castleman disease management. From improved detection to disease characterization and therapy monitoring, these tools empower clinicians with a wealth of information. As research and innovation continue, the future holds even brighter prospects for unraveling the mysteries of Castleman disease and advancing patient care.
