Vertical electrical sounding (VES) is a geophysical technique that investigates the subsurface electrical properties of the Earth. By injecting electrical current into the ground and measuring the resulting voltage, VES determines the apparent resistivity of the subsurface, which is related to the electrical conductivity, ground resistance, and resistivity log. This information can be used to map the electrical properties of the subsurface with depth, revealing the presence of geological structures, groundwater aquifers, and contamination plumes. VES is widely used in geotechnical and environmental studies, providing valuable insights into the subsurface conditions.
